Vitamin B12 is an essential vitamin that’s crucial for many vital metabolic and hormonal functions — including the production of digestive enzymes and carrying important nutrients into and out of cells. Due to how it helps convert and synthesize many other compounds within the body, it’s needed for well over 100 daily functions. Some of the roles that are attributed to vitamin B12 include: red blood cell production, DNA/RNA synthesis, methylation and producing the coating of the nerves.

Ascorbic acid performs numerous physiological functions in the human body. These functions include the synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and neurotransmitters.
Vitamin C acts in eight different enzymes:

Three enzymes (prolyl-3-hydroxylase, prolyl-4-hydroxylase, and lysyl hydroxylase) that are required for the hydroxylation of proline and lysine in the synthesis of collagen.

These reactions add hydroxyl groups to the amino acids proline or lysine in the collagen molecule via prolyl hydroxylase and lysyl hydroxylase, both requiring vitamin C as a cofactor. Hydroxylation allows the collagen molecule to assume its triple helix structure, and thus vitamin C is essential to the development and maintenance of scar tissue, blood vessels, and cartilage.

- This means that vitamin C is very essential for healthy collagen production
- Collagen is the main structural protein found in skin and other connective tissues; healthy collagen is what keeps the skin younger looking by having less wrinkles and more skin turgor.

Since vitamin C is most prevalent in the skin, the skin is the organ that suffers most from environmental stressors. Smoking, sun exposure, and pollution rob the nutrient from our bodies.

According to WebMD, even minimal UV exposure can decrease the vitamin C levels in the skin by 30 percent, while exposure from the ozone of city pollution can decrease the level by 55 percent.

Creating a skin cream that carries a useful dose of vitamin C is difficult because it reacts immediately when exposed to oxygen. The problem with applying antioxidants to the skin to fight aging is that they aren't very well absorbed or only have short-term effects.

Biotin, also known as vitamin B7, is one of the B vitamins, a group of chemically distinct, water-soluble vitamins that also includes thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, folic acid, and others.
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Protein synthesis - Glutathione maintains our proteins in their proper form. Its sulfur atom reacts with unnatural sulfur-sulfur bonds in proteins, breaking them and allowing the proper pairings to form.Amino acid transport (transport - movement into, out of, within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter) - Glutathione is predominately located in the cell, whereas a major fraction of the cellular y-glutamyl transpeptidase (glutathione enzyme) is on the external surface of cell membranes. This means intracellular glutathione is translocated out of many cells – glutathione moves substances, such as amino acids, in and out of the cell.

Biotin is important in a number of essential metabolic reactions in humans, including catalyzing the synthesis of fatty acids, metabolism of the amino acid leucine, and gluconeogenesis (generation of glucose from non-sugar carbon substrates like pyruvate, glycerol, and amino acids). Biotin is important in cell growth; plays a role in the Krebs cycle, which is the biochemical pathway in which energy is released from food (glucose, amino acids, and fat); helps with the transfer of carbon dioxide; and is useful in maintaining a steady blood sugar level.

Initial symptoms of biotin deficiency include:

1. Dry skin
2. Seborrheic dermatitis
3. Fungal infections
4. Rashes including erythematous peri-orofacial macular rash
5. Fine and brittle hair
6. Hair loss or total alopecia

Glutathione (GSH) is often referred to as the body's master antioxidant. Composted of three amino acids - cysteine, glycine, and glutamate - glutathione can be found in virtually every cell of the human body. The highest concentration of glutathione is in the liver, making it critical in the body's detoxification process. Glutathione is also an essential component to the body's natural defense system. Viruses, bacteria, heavy metal toxicity, radiation, certain medications, and even the normal process of aging can all cause free-radical damage to healthy cells and deplete glutathione. Glutathione depletion has been correlated with lower immune function and increased vulnerability to infection due to the liver's reduced ability to detoxify.

GSH equivalents circulate in the blood predominantly as cystine, the oxidized and more stable form of cysteine. Cells import cystine from the blood, reconvert it to cysteine (likely using ascorbate as cofactor), and from it synthesize GSH. Conversely, inside the cell, GSH helps re-reduce oxidized forms of other antioxidants—such as ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol.

GSH is an extremely important cell protectant. It directly quenches reactive hydroxyl free radicals, other oxygen-centered free radicals, and radical centers on DNA and other biomolecules. GSH is a primary protectant of skin, lens, cornea, and retina against radiation damage and other biochemical foundations of P450 detoxification in the liver, kidneys, lungs, intestinal, epithelia and other organs.

Collagen is the protein that forms connective fibers in tissues such as skin, ligaments, cartilage, bones, and teeth. Collagen also acts as a kind of intracellular “glue” that gives support, shape, and bulk to blood vessels, bones, and organs such as the heart, kidneys, and liver. Collagen fibers keep bones and blood vessels strong and help to anchor our teeth to our gums. As the most abundant protein in the body, collagen accounts for more mass than all the other proteins put together.